Facebook-f Twitter Youtube
\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
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[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
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[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
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[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 70 of 75 1 … 69 70 71 … 75
\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Barely 90 years ago, thanks to the arrival of the Igbo, the most advanced and populous ethnic group among the people living in Nigeria, fishing in Lake Chad, they reached a turning point: the Igbo[5]<\/a> know the technique of smoking fish (they call it \"Banda<\/em>\"), and make it so portable and durable[6]<\/a> that they can sell the fish in large markets from remote locations to the shores of the ocean. In the 1950s, an ethnic group from northern Chad, the Hausas[7]<\/a>, introduced the use of nylon thread for the manufacture of nets, then the first motorized canoes[8]<\/a>. It is the beginning of an intensive exploitation of the lake and therefore the beginning of the end for the biological balance of Lake Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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People come because the lake is famous for being very rich in fish; around the basin, the land is fertile. Agriculture and livestock allowed the prehistoric nomads to settle. About 8,000 years ago, one of our ancestors built a canoe on the shores of Lake Chad which has come down to us intact and is perhaps the oldest one ever discovered by archaeologists[4]<\/a>. Thus, in Lake Chad, fishing became the main industry in an endless area stretching from the Sahara to the equatorial jungle - an area which has been populated for millennia by tribes originally separated by enormous distances. and by a lush natural environment which sometimes tends to exacerbate human artifacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barely 90 years ago, thanks to the arrival of the Igbo, the most advanced and populous ethnic group among the people living in Nigeria, fishing in Lake Chad, they reached a turning point: the Igbo[5]<\/a> know the technique of smoking fish (they call it \"Banda<\/em>\"), and make it so portable and durable[6]<\/a> that they can sell the fish in large markets from remote locations to the shores of the ocean. In the 1950s, an ethnic group from northern Chad, the Hausas[7]<\/a>, introduced the use of nylon thread for the manufacture of nets, then the first motorized canoes[8]<\/a>. It is the beginning of an intensive exploitation of the lake and therefore the beginning of the end for the biological balance of Lake Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The lake is fed by long, lazy rivers and has no drains. The largest of them, the Chari and the Logone, come from the mountains from over 1000 km, where it rains a lot and it\u2019s cold, and they carry a lot of water. As one of the deepest points on the planet and of volcanic origin, it is a dead-end trough and a world of its own with rules unlike any other lake. As it generously exceeds 45\u00b0, like in summer in N'Djamena, to the north, there is a forest around Lake Chad and behind a huge savannah - and cool[2]<\/a>. But Chad is a shallow lake, no more than ten meters deep, and calm. Always. For this reason, more and more people will be living on its shores - they are doubling every twenty years, they are already above 50 million, and there are fears that the threshold of 80 million will be exceeded by 2030[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

People come because the lake is famous for being very rich in fish; around the basin, the land is fertile. Agriculture and livestock allowed the prehistoric nomads to settle. About 8,000 years ago, one of our ancestors built a canoe on the shores of Lake Chad which has come down to us intact and is perhaps the oldest one ever discovered by archaeologists[4]<\/a>. Thus, in Lake Chad, fishing became the main industry in an endless area stretching from the Sahara to the equatorial jungle - an area which has been populated for millennia by tribes originally separated by enormous distances. and by a lush natural environment which sometimes tends to exacerbate human artifacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barely 90 years ago, thanks to the arrival of the Igbo, the most advanced and populous ethnic group among the people living in Nigeria, fishing in Lake Chad, they reached a turning point: the Igbo[5]<\/a> know the technique of smoking fish (they call it \"Banda<\/em>\"), and make it so portable and durable[6]<\/a> that they can sell the fish in large markets from remote locations to the shores of the ocean. In the 1950s, an ethnic group from northern Chad, the Hausas[7]<\/a>, introduced the use of nylon thread for the manufacture of nets, then the first motorized canoes[8]<\/a>. It is the beginning of an intensive exploitation of the lake and therefore the beginning of the end for the biological balance of Lake Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Those who believe that there are only dunes and wind are completely mistaken: in the country it goes from the height of 3415 meters of the extinct volcano Emi Koussi, white lava rock in a lunar landscape, scattered between the mountains from Tibesti, to the northern plateau of the Ennedi, which slowly descends below sea level - first the sand, then the funnels of all the major rivers of Central Africa and finally, almost to the border with Cameroon and Nigeria, towards the large lake which gives its name to the nation: Chad, once one of the ten largest lakes in the world, is today due to global warming and the use of water to irrigate fields, \"only<\/em>\u201d four times larger than Lake of Geneva, Lake Balaton or Lake of Constance[1]<\/a>. A lake in agony because it is gripped by the influence of climate change which is drying it up; Added to this is the growing crush on the persecution and the increase in illegal immigrants, as well as the indiscriminate violence of the Muslim sect of Boko Haram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lake is fed by long, lazy rivers and has no drains. The largest of them, the Chari and the Logone, come from the mountains from over 1000 km, where it rains a lot and it\u2019s cold, and they carry a lot of water. As one of the deepest points on the planet and of volcanic origin, it is a dead-end trough and a world of its own with rules unlike any other lake. As it generously exceeds 45\u00b0, like in summer in N'Djamena, to the north, there is a forest around Lake Chad and behind a huge savannah - and cool[2]<\/a>. But Chad is a shallow lake, no more than ten meters deep, and calm. Always. For this reason, more and more people will be living on its shores - they are doubling every twenty years, they are already above 50 million, and there are fears that the threshold of 80 million will be exceeded by 2030[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

People come because the lake is famous for being very rich in fish; around the basin, the land is fertile. Agriculture and livestock allowed the prehistoric nomads to settle. About 8,000 years ago, one of our ancestors built a canoe on the shores of Lake Chad which has come down to us intact and is perhaps the oldest one ever discovered by archaeologists[4]<\/a>. Thus, in Lake Chad, fishing became the main industry in an endless area stretching from the Sahara to the equatorial jungle - an area which has been populated for millennia by tribes originally separated by enormous distances. and by a lush natural environment which sometimes tends to exacerbate human artifacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barely 90 years ago, thanks to the arrival of the Igbo, the most advanced and populous ethnic group among the people living in Nigeria, fishing in Lake Chad, they reached a turning point: the Igbo[5]<\/a> know the technique of smoking fish (they call it \"Banda<\/em>\"), and make it so portable and durable[6]<\/a> that they can sell the fish in large markets from remote locations to the shores of the ocean. In the 1950s, an ethnic group from northern Chad, the Hausas[7]<\/a>, introduced the use of nylon thread for the manufacture of nets, then the first motorized canoes[8]<\/a>. It is the beginning of an intensive exploitation of the lake and therefore the beginning of the end for the biological balance of Lake Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Chad: A landlocked country in the heart of the African continent, in the center of the Sahara, as large as France, Italy and Germany combined (1,284,000 km\u00b2), but almost uninhabited: until 20 years ago, the population of Switzerland. Today they've doubled and count nearly 16 million of souls, but there's still plenty, plenty of free space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those who believe that there are only dunes and wind are completely mistaken: in the country it goes from the height of 3415 meters of the extinct volcano Emi Koussi, white lava rock in a lunar landscape, scattered between the mountains from Tibesti, to the northern plateau of the Ennedi, which slowly descends below sea level - first the sand, then the funnels of all the major rivers of Central Africa and finally, almost to the border with Cameroon and Nigeria, towards the large lake which gives its name to the nation: Chad, once one of the ten largest lakes in the world, is today due to global warming and the use of water to irrigate fields, \"only<\/em>\u201d four times larger than Lake of Geneva, Lake Balaton or Lake of Constance[1]<\/a>. A lake in agony because it is gripped by the influence of climate change which is drying it up; Added to this is the growing crush on the persecution and the increase in illegal immigrants, as well as the indiscriminate violence of the Muslim sect of Boko Haram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lake is fed by long, lazy rivers and has no drains. The largest of them, the Chari and the Logone, come from the mountains from over 1000 km, where it rains a lot and it\u2019s cold, and they carry a lot of water. As one of the deepest points on the planet and of volcanic origin, it is a dead-end trough and a world of its own with rules unlike any other lake. As it generously exceeds 45\u00b0, like in summer in N'Djamena, to the north, there is a forest around Lake Chad and behind a huge savannah - and cool[2]<\/a>. But Chad is a shallow lake, no more than ten meters deep, and calm. Always. For this reason, more and more people will be living on its shores - they are doubling every twenty years, they are already above 50 million, and there are fears that the threshold of 80 million will be exceeded by 2030[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

People come because the lake is famous for being very rich in fish; around the basin, the land is fertile. Agriculture and livestock allowed the prehistoric nomads to settle. About 8,000 years ago, one of our ancestors built a canoe on the shores of Lake Chad which has come down to us intact and is perhaps the oldest one ever discovered by archaeologists[4]<\/a>. Thus, in Lake Chad, fishing became the main industry in an endless area stretching from the Sahara to the equatorial jungle - an area which has been populated for millennia by tribes originally separated by enormous distances. and by a lush natural environment which sometimes tends to exacerbate human artifacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barely 90 years ago, thanks to the arrival of the Igbo, the most advanced and populous ethnic group among the people living in Nigeria, fishing in Lake Chad, they reached a turning point: the Igbo[5]<\/a> know the technique of smoking fish (they call it \"Banda<\/em>\"), and make it so portable and durable[6]<\/a> that they can sell the fish in large markets from remote locations to the shores of the ocean. In the 1950s, an ethnic group from northern Chad, the Hausas[7]<\/a>, introduced the use of nylon thread for the manufacture of nets, then the first motorized canoes[8]<\/a>. It is the beginning of an intensive exploitation of the lake and therefore the beginning of the end for the biological balance of Lake Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad: A landlocked country in the heart of the African continent, in the center of the Sahara, as large as France, Italy and Germany combined (1,284,000 km\u00b2), but almost uninhabited: until 20 years ago, the population of Switzerland. Today they've doubled and count nearly 16 million of souls, but there's still plenty, plenty of free space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those who believe that there are only dunes and wind are completely mistaken: in the country it goes from the height of 3415 meters of the extinct volcano Emi Koussi, white lava rock in a lunar landscape, scattered between the mountains from Tibesti, to the northern plateau of the Ennedi, which slowly descends below sea level - first the sand, then the funnels of all the major rivers of Central Africa and finally, almost to the border with Cameroon and Nigeria, towards the large lake which gives its name to the nation: Chad, once one of the ten largest lakes in the world, is today due to global warming and the use of water to irrigate fields, \"only<\/em>\u201d four times larger than Lake of Geneva, Lake Balaton or Lake of Constance[1]<\/a>. A lake in agony because it is gripped by the influence of climate change which is drying it up; Added to this is the growing crush on the persecution and the increase in illegal immigrants, as well as the indiscriminate violence of the Muslim sect of Boko Haram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lake is fed by long, lazy rivers and has no drains. The largest of them, the Chari and the Logone, come from the mountains from over 1000 km, where it rains a lot and it\u2019s cold, and they carry a lot of water. As one of the deepest points on the planet and of volcanic origin, it is a dead-end trough and a world of its own with rules unlike any other lake. As it generously exceeds 45\u00b0, like in summer in N'Djamena, to the north, there is a forest around Lake Chad and behind a huge savannah - and cool[2]<\/a>. But Chad is a shallow lake, no more than ten meters deep, and calm. Always. For this reason, more and more people will be living on its shores - they are doubling every twenty years, they are already above 50 million, and there are fears that the threshold of 80 million will be exceeded by 2030[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

People come because the lake is famous for being very rich in fish; around the basin, the land is fertile. Agriculture and livestock allowed the prehistoric nomads to settle. About 8,000 years ago, one of our ancestors built a canoe on the shores of Lake Chad which has come down to us intact and is perhaps the oldest one ever discovered by archaeologists[4]<\/a>. Thus, in Lake Chad, fishing became the main industry in an endless area stretching from the Sahara to the equatorial jungle - an area which has been populated for millennia by tribes originally separated by enormous distances. and by a lush natural environment which sometimes tends to exacerbate human artifacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barely 90 years ago, thanks to the arrival of the Igbo, the most advanced and populous ethnic group among the people living in Nigeria, fishing in Lake Chad, they reached a turning point: the Igbo[5]<\/a> know the technique of smoking fish (they call it \"Banda<\/em>\"), and make it so portable and durable[6]<\/a> that they can sell the fish in large markets from remote locations to the shores of the ocean. In the 1950s, an ethnic group from northern Chad, the Hausas[7]<\/a>, introduced the use of nylon thread for the manufacture of nets, then the first motorized canoes[8]<\/a>. It is the beginning of an intensive exploitation of the lake and therefore the beginning of the end for the biological balance of Lake Chad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the local communities that have settled around the lake since prehistoric times, the multi-ethnic nature of the region is a typical feature: today Lake Chad attracts more than ever migrants from Cameroon (Musgum, Kotoko, Zina and Mora[9]<\/a>): tribes who live off fishing and have experienced violent tribal conflicts in the past[10]<\/a>. Then, in the 1970s, refugees from Mali, Senegal and Niger also came and - when the water flowed - they settled in the countryside and began to cultivate it. The wave of new residents came to an end in 2007 when the area became the beating heart of bloody terror spread by the Islamic sect Boko Haram[11]<\/a>. Despite persecution, drought and global warming, the Darak market on the northern border of Cameroon still sells more than 200 tons of fish per year[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sad pain of the great dying lake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abandoned boats in the shallows of Lake Chad: what remains of decades of industrial fishing after the lake shrinks to a tenth of what it was 50 years ago<\/sub><\/strong>[13]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Especially since the lake has been an oasis of peace for centuries. The different ethnic groups who gathered on the shores and islands had developed a common language, Kanuri, whose word Chade (phonetically: S\u00e1d\u01dd) literally means \"great body of water<\/em>\"[14]<\/a>. At the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, the lake was a corner of paradise: many small towns extending over dozens of islands rich in vegetation, with waters rich in fish; There are vegetable gardens and farms everywhere blooming in the villages that rise up on the banks[15]<\/a>: according to Moussa Mainakinay, a local inhabitant interviewed in a brochure by Ben Taub, it was not until the 1970s that locals realized that the sea began to die: \"Floating masses of reeds and water lilies began to obstruct the remaining streams, making it impossible to navigate the ancient trade routes between the islands<\/em>\"[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The difficulty of moving through the labyrinth of vegetation and swamps, which contributed to the transboundary character of the lake, made the lake an area of \u200b\u200buncontrollable chaos - and therefore one of the main routes of contraband: the illegal trade in immigrants (sometimes slaves) who fled the wars in Libya or Sudan[17]<\/a> or the misery of West African countries; drug trafficking, mainly from India, used by Boko Haram throughout Central Africa[18]<\/a> as a basis for negotiations for the purchase of arms, ammunition, medicine, food and fuel[19]<\/a>. Everything becomes difficult and dangerous: every village is constantly forced to make round trips from the wetland to a dry area throughout the year and to go hiking, depending on the daily conditions of the lake - a challenge for the administration, because these villages are independent of their current position, but still have the same toponym[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with such a magmatic image at the morphological, hydrographic, climatic, geopolitical and anthropological levels, the balance between the inhabitants of the lake is extremely unstable. Regardless of the nefarious influence of Muslim terrorism, various tribes live around the lake who are forced to move constantly in order to survive and are therefore forced to share and compete for land and water supplies, creating enormous tensions and sudden violent conflict[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Every day, the Chadian police try to filter the thousands of illegal immigrants and separate those fleeing the war from the smugglers who trade in Boko Haram<\/sub><\/strong>[22]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chad has traditionally been marked by a series of ethnically and religiously motivated civil wars (there is bitter hostility between the Muslim north and the animist and partially Christianized south[23]<\/a>). The State of Chad is unable to cope with the emergency and the only plans that have worked effectively over the past decade have been developed by Cameroon, which investing in money and men (army, doctors and teachers) to face the crisis: the interference of Boko Haram has dealt the last blow to an already deeply wounded region: the ongoing attacks by the terrorist group, which is increasingly invading the maritime population, show that this sect hopes unite in the jungle on the border between Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad Creation of the Islamic State - which creates an unbearable humanitarian emergency[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yaound\u00e9 government has launched two programs. The first concerns the town of Darak, which emerged as a sort of slum on the islands that emerged from the lake in the summer and now that the water has receded it has become a large fish and arms market, entirely control of Boko Haram, where the sect has blackmailed the percentages in case the dealers want to continue working[25]<\/a>. The situation improved after a massive attack by militias of the Muslim sect was repelled by the Cameroonian army on June 9 and 10, 2019: 16 soldiers from Yaound\u00e9 died, but also more than 90 militiamen from Boko Haram[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then, the Cameroonian government has learned its lesson and launched an ambitious and costly plan to transform a slum into a veritable provincial capital with judicial, military and administrative buildings in just five years[27]<\/a>. In 2013, Darak was awarded the equivalent of $ 11.15 million to pave the road between Darak port and the country's northern province, complete missing buildings, restore dilapidated buildings, operate a school and set up a school. In addition, there is a permanent clinic, the establishment of a football team (as an identification project with the territory) and the repair of new opportunities for the marketing of fish, sheep farming and agricultural products on the main markets of Yaound\u00e9[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Among the intergovernmental projects, one of the most important is that of the WWF to protect the flora and fauna of Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the district level, however, the series of decisions taken is more complex: first, the government pragmatically decides not to adopt the South African model. The Pretoria model is based on equality between four equal powers (legislative power of parliament, executive power of government, judicial power of judicial authority, veto power of tribal assemblies[30]<\/a>); Cameroonian law prefers to give the judiciary the power to make decisions on tribal issues if the government fails to find an amicable compromise in the disputes[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The guidelines of the central government program, however, provide for a whole series of special measures for the area around Lake Chad: a) Recognition of religious communities and equality of schools of different faiths; b) administrative and legal recognition of nomadism; c) investment funds for sedentary economic activities; d) increase in military and administrative personnel, preferential recruitment of local personnel; e) framework laws for the application of the economic and social measures of the central government harmonized with the six main tribes recognized as owners of the territory; f) Promotion of local radios, cultural and sports centers which emphasize identification with the territory as a value superior to tribal and religious differences, which is justified in the confirmation of the dichotomy: Cameroonian = good, Boko Haram = bad - a position shared by the whole population[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To this is added not only a permanent military campaign, but also a series of technological and cyber defense measures against the Muslim sect, which aim to establish a second dichotomy: Cameroonian = modern, Boko Haram = medieval[33]<\/a>. This ambitious project, which is already bearing fruit, is linked to the decisive effect: Defending the identity of the Lake Chad community and increasing well-being and social solidarity as well as resentment against Boko Haram also promote coexistence between different ethnic groups - the hope is that within a few generations tribal differences can be eliminated through the common struggle for the survival of the Lake Chad ecosystem and intermarriages[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fight against the Boko Haram sect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Boko Haram militiamen pose to promote their own terrorist strategy<\/sub><\/strong>[35]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2002, preacher Mohammed Yusuf, who belongs to the Izala movement, founded an Islamic Salafist group based in Maiduguri (the northeastern capital of Nigeria's Borno state): a new movement called Boko Haram, a term in the Hausa language[36]<\/a>. whose translation is \"Westernization is a sacrilege<\/em>\"[37]<\/a>. First the movement gains space and followers because it (supposedly) fights corruption and proposes itself as a citizens' group to support religious education - but as soon as the militia has reached a certain number soldiers and money from al-Qaeda's channels flowing, things themselves have changed dramatically[38]<\/a>: in a short time, the religious and terrorist group has made a reputation for indiscriminate violence and sectarian fanaticism : in 2009, there were already more than 3,400 armed attacks that claimed more than 36,000 victims and the flight (or deportation) of 2.3 million Nigerians to flee at least 250,000 of them to Cameroon or the Chad in the Great Lakes region[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, the initial goal of building a state of Islamic fundamentalists on Nigerian territory has become a simple struggle for survival: in 2014 alone, the victims of anger against Boko Haram reached the number of 6,600 people[40]<\/a>. Despite a drop in the number of terrorist activities due to military defeats[41]<\/a>, the jihadist organization has survived in recent years in the Sambisa forest, a few kilometers from Lake Chad. Boko Haram is barricaded, the unemployed and refugees[42]<\/a> are still being recruited and currently (according to the \"Global Terrorism Index<\/em>\" of 2018[43]<\/a>) is the fourth blood-thirstiest group in the world and \"boasts<\/em>\" of first place in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the past five years, the militia's actions have been a rampage and have nothing to do with any military strategy. In February 2015, during the night, a group of ten terrorists crossed Lake Chad in motorboats: they reached a fishing village, Ngouboua, and committed a massacre, burned houses, attacked the post of police and killed the village chief in cold blood[44]<\/a>. The reason for the attack, which will be followed by several more[45]<\/a>, is that Ngouboua is hosting thousands of Nigerian refugees who have fled persecution from Boko Haram[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The series of attacks convinced at least the Chadian government to face the threat militarily in order to support the actions of the Nigerian army: in the spring of 2015, the Chadian armed forces took back Gamboru Ngala, a Nigerian town besieged by Boko Haram. During months. Boko Haram has unleashed itself against civilian targets in Chad[47]<\/a>. According to a decision by the European Union[48]<\/a>, which financially supports the joint war efforts of Nigeria and Chad, only Niger is still completely disarmed in the face of the threat posed by the savage Muslim sect[49]<\/a>. Since then, many militiamen displaced from Boko Haram have settled in the islands of the lake and have continued to spread terror[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nigerian army units pursuing barricaded Boko Haram militiamen in the Sambisa forest - a few kilometers from Lake Chad<\/sub><\/strong>[51]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the military defeat in Nigeria, the leaders of Boko Haram change their strategy and moved to fight for the birth of ISWAP (Islamic State's West African Province[52]<\/a>), at the beginning, necessarily without resorting to force, but with propaganda activity. They took advantage of the shortcomings of the administration of the State of Chad and the growing discontent of the inhabitants[53]<\/a>. From the fall of 2015, ISWAP will start providing basic services, organizing work and other activities, replacing the central government where it can. The new militia sets out to strengthen itself and enjoy popular sympathy - as soon as ISWAP's penetration is accompanied by visible economic support[54]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Currently, ISWAP controls the pattern of trade in the Niger area on Lake Chad and controls (militarily) activities related to the fish trade: from the initial production of dried fish to sale to brokers in major national markets; for the transport and storage of fish and its transport to the outskirts of Diffa, Bosso - then to the markets of Geidam and Hadeija in Nigeria and Kinchandi in Niger. ISWAP directly manages each phase of the process or gets paid to ensure it continues safely[55]<\/a>. Apparently, retail and logistics prices are imposed with systematic coercion, while pressure and violence are used against disgruntled fishermen and traders[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To counter this new threat, the countries bordering Lake Chad have formed a military alliance called MNJTF (Multinational Joint Task Force), originally founded by the Chadian government agency LCBC (Lake Chad Basin Commission). In the summer of 2012, the FMM was made up of 700 soldiers from Chad, 700 Nigerians and 700 Cameroonians and a single joint command[57]<\/a>. This militia was partially funded by an economic support program from the European Union, which was unanimously adopted by the European Council on February 9, 2015 and funded by the Fund for Peace in Africa (APF)[58]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From then on, the APF financed the salaries, provisions and medicines of the troops, but also the supply of equipment for the command, control, communication and information systems[59]<\/a>. The MNJTF significantly ended terrorist violence, freed civilian hostages, opened avenues for humanitarian intervention, but failed in its goal of integrating troops from different nations due to issues of \"inconsistent engagement of the nation, violence, funding issues and disjointed planning<\/em>\u201d[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In the dingy and damp houses on the shores of Lake Chad, the fishermen await the rainy season and the return of the big fishermen<\/sub><\/strong>[61]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to internal migration and tensions along the borders between Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, the Lake Chad region has been the scene of clashes since 1965[62]<\/a> when the civil war and genocide in Biafra[63]<\/a>, raids in Central African Republic and famine in Sudan brought 450,000 refugees to the lake[64]<\/a>. Today, more than 30 different ethnic groups live on the shores of Lake Chad: as the New Yorker writes, it is \"the most complex humanitarian crisis of our time<\/em>\"[65]<\/a>. Among the countries of the Lakes region, Chad is undoubtedly the hardest hit: 80% of the population lives below the poverty line, only 9% have access to adequate health services, illiteracy is higher at 50% and infant mortality is among the highest on the planet[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The international community is not simply watching but intervenes. The United Nations\u2019 Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) opened a permanent office in N'Djamena in 1977. In 2004, an operations division was added to the representative office to coordinate research, research and development. analysis, technical support and financing of projects developed jointly with the national government[67]<\/a>. There is therefore aid reaching the area as part of a generous program and under the careful control of an institution present in the region which has made it possible to prevent the humanitarian emergency from becoming a tragedy for 40 years[68]<\/a>. Over the years, the projects have become more and more effective, as evidenced by the irrigation and crop restructuring measures in the Gor\u00e8 region, which include military defense, school education and medical surveillance[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On September 25, 2007, the United Nations approved a Joint Intervention Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) to help defend civilians, promote the protection of human rights, the rule of law, human rights of man, and finally peace according to the directives already developed by the Cameroonian government. The mission ends its mandate on December 31, 2010, but when most of the peacekeepers have left, the core defense personnel stationed in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) remain and still work there[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Measures are also being taken to support the national debt: in 2015, the IMF and the World Bank decided to reduce Chad's debt by $ 1.1 billion, fueled by the government's good performance in terms of satisfactory macroeconomic stability[71]<\/a>. In September 2018, the World Bank approved the PARCA Refugee Support Project: it is worth around $ 80 million to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for around half a million hosts, refugees, internally displaced persons and ethnic communities[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

United Nations soldiers accompany FAO agronomists who, with an available fund of 81.9 million euros, are bringing intensive horticulture into the daily life of nearly 15 million people in Chad[73]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In April 2020, the International Monetary Fund, motivated by the crisis due to Covid-19, as part of the CCRT project (Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust)[74]<\/a>, adopted a new resolution aimed at reducing the debts of the 25 poorest countries and therefore on the most vulnerable on the planet, including Chad[75]<\/a>. In addition to this salvation measure, there will be an allocation of 22.6 million euros from the European Union through the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa in November 2020 to promote stability and security in the region of Sahel and Lake Chad through five projects - in total, thanks to the EU, since 2015, 5 billion euros have been made available to address the serious crisis in the region[76]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the same time, FAO is working on several important projects related to the modernization of agriculture and the adaptation of production to changing climatic conditions. The RADHORT plan, initially drawn up by the Belgian government in 1988, is now applicable throughout Chad (and not just near the lake) to provide residents with mechanical means to irrigate fields, plant family gardens or for commercial production (free distribution of seeds and teaching of breeding techniques to farmers), defense against locusts and other harmful events, and establishment of contacts with regional distribution markets to sell part of the production[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, in the northern part of Cameroon, FAO is focusing on tubers and roots and has carried out a rehabilitation project, preparing farmers, connecting to markets, distributing seeds and ensuring military defense: actions that have seen visible results brought to the entire malnourished area over the past three years[78]<\/a>. For specific projects, there are programs at the continental level against the expansion of the desert[79]<\/a> and for the reorganization of irrigation (AICCA project), which have become necessary due to global warming[80]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thirty years of torrid political freeze<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The regime's indiscriminate violence doesn't just hit people: this was the terrifying scene that appeared to UN inspectors in March 2013 after irregular troops from N'Djamena killed 86 elephants (including many pregnant mothers) to give ivory to sell to Chinese smugglers[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is no coincidence that in all this story on Lake Chad there is a big absentee: the central government of N'Djamena. A century ago, the country was part of the French colonies and the main ethnic group, the Sara, collaborated with Paris and its boys in both world wars and fought frequently in the French regular army[82]<\/a>. For obvious reasons, when Chad gained independence, this ethnic group took the reins of the state: the Sara people live throughout Central Africa, are animists and have a tolerant and solid tradition[83]<\/a>. In the second half of the 20th<\/sup> century, during the years of struggle against the dictatorship of Fid\u00e8le Moungar (a son of Lake Chad who was a surgeon in Paris before becoming a politician[84]<\/a>), Sara stuck to the model of socialist development, which has caused them huge problems with fundamentalist Islam[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1982, an agreement between the French government and the American oil giant Exxon[86]<\/a>, brought to power the tyrant Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9[87]<\/a>, one of the bloodiest dictators of the second post-war period, so that the same forces that brought him to power unite their forces, years later, to have him chained and convicted for the massacre of more than 40,000 political opponents[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this latest coup, the French and the Americans relied on one of the many militias already active in the territory, that of the Zaghawa ethnic minority - which took up arms because the dictator Habr\u00e9 loved the massacres of members of the Sara and the Hadjerai tribe[89]<\/a>. The Zaghawa (only 2.4% of the population of Chad[90]<\/a>) are Berber shepherds from the Darfur region of South Sudan who have moved in search of better pastures or over the centuries for fear of war and famine[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new dictator, Idriss D\u00e9by, has been in power for exactly 30 years and is anything but a cheerful and smiling patriarch. For years his power, legitimized by Paris and Washington, has been defended with the active military support of his mentor, the Libyan dictator Muhammar Gaddafi[92]<\/a>, also because his entire term has been strewn with assassinations and coups[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by reigns not only because of violence, but also because of the spread of corruption (in which D\u00e9by and his government are the protagonists)[94]<\/a>, largely generated by the exploitation of the oil fields of northern Chad and the royalties for the use of more than 1000 km-long pipeline[95]<\/a> that connects central Chad to port cities in southern Cameroon[96]<\/a>. The fact is that the D\u00e9by regime does not care about the ecosystem of Lake Chad, also because its tribes live in the north and east of the country: it prefers to officially entrust the management of the development and security of the area. to neighboring countries and delegate the action of the United Nations, FAO and UNESCO[97]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don't know whether it's good or bad. Without prejudice to the fact that the government of Cameroon is the most active and the most useful in the fight for the survival of the lake, of its multi-ethnic society and of its ecosystem, as long as there is a selfish and dictatorial regime like that of D\u00e9by in N'Djamena, it's impossible to believe that anyone will do anything for Africa's largest fish lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western engagement, often self-interested, doesn\u2019t help enough: without FAO and other organizations, the lake might have disappeared and the people around it would have been wiped out by war, disease and famine. Nothing new under the sun: Africa, which with its enormous arms surrounds a seemingly endless colony of cursed places where injustice is paramount, risks being destined for a long time to bear the children of a lesser God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/westafrica\/ecoregions-and-topography\/ecoregions-and-topography-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.limesonline.com\/cartaceo\/i-confini-mobili-del-lago-ciad?prv=true<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Churchill Okonkwo, Belay Demoz., \u201cIdentifying anthropogenic \u2018hotspots\u2019 and management of water resources in Lake Chad Basin using GIS<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cJournal of Natural Resources Policy Research<\/em>\u201d, volume 6, Taylor & Francis, London 2014, pages 135\u2013149.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01956304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> About the Igbos: John Eberegbulam Njoku, \u201cThe Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival\u201d, Lewiston \/ E. Mellen Press, New York 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Igbo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Frank A. Salamone, \u201cThe Hausa of Nigeria<\/em>\u201d, University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/irdeditions\/11685?lang=it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Felix Watang Zieba, Genesis Tambang Yengoh, Abdouraman Tom, \u201cSeasonal Migration and Settlement around Lake Chad: Strategies for Control of Resources in an Increasingly Drying Lake<\/em>\u201d, MDPI Verlag, Basel 2017 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/htm<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 22-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/emergencies\/crisis\/lakechadbasin\/en\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-9276\/6\/3\/41\/pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fondazionepopoli.org\/?cat=60<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Adrian Room, \u201cAfrican place names<\/em>\u201d, Macfarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1994; Gerald J. Rizzo, \u201cThe<\/em> Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cImago Mundi<\/em>\u201d, volume 58, Taylor & Francis, London 2006, pages 80-89 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40234021?seq=1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Carlos Magnavita, Zakinet Dangbet, Tchago Bouimon, \u201cThe Lake Chad region as a crossroads<\/em>: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cAfrique: arch\u00e9ologie, arts<\/em>\u201d, volume 15, CNRD Edition, Paris 2019, pages 97-110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.clingendael.org\/pub\/2018\/multilateral-damage\/4-chad-a-new-hub-for-migrants-and-smugglers\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/toc\/Reports\/TOCTAWestAfrica\/West_Africa_TOC_MIGRANTS.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-17481181<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/issafrica.org\/iss-today\/chads-illegal-drug-trade-contributes-to-regional-insecurity<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn-int.info\/article-E_AFCO_255_0093--boko-haram-and-lake-chad.htm#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/207041595.pdf<\/a> Par. V pag. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/un-migration-agency-chad-appeals-funding-assist-stranded-migrants<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> http:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/iez\/05423.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/emergencies\/chad-humanitarian-emergency<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/pidgin\/tori-48611626<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cameroon-security-idUSKCN1TD289<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/actucameroun.com\/2019\/06\/14\/le-gouvernement-devoile-lidentite-des-16-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-a-darak\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/cameroun-deuil-national-vendredi-pour-17-soldats-tues-par-boko-haram-20190618<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.parismatch.com\/Actu\/International\/Le-Cameroun-pleure-37-morts-apres-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtrieres-de-Boko-Haram-1630224<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/787478\/politique\/cameroun-au-moins-26-morts-apres-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-selon-un-nouveau-bilan\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/nigeria-plusieurs-soldats-tues-dans-une-attaque-de-boko-haram-contre-leur-base-20190614<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/attaque-boko-haram-au-cameroun-dimanche-18-morts-selon-une-force-regionale_98898\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.voaafrique.com\/a\/trente-sept-morts-apr%C3%A8s-une-des-attaques-les-plus-meurtri%C3%A8res-de-boko-haram\/4955899.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 157-158<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pndp.org\/documents\/PCD_DARAK.pdf<\/a>, pages 153-163<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/ecoregions\/at0904<\/a> ; https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/?187941\/Decade-old-dream-comes-true-for-Lake-Chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-commits-safeguarding-lake-chad<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996<\/a>, Chapter XII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Cameroon_2008.pdf?lang=en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/assessments\/rapport_de_letude_sur_les_conflits_et_mecanismes_de_resolution_des_conflits_a_lextreme-nord_du_cameroun_final.pdf<\/a>, pages 33-46<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1707&context=jss<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2020\/07\/the-state-of-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/news\/unesco-launches-biopalt-project-safeguard-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.adaptation-undp.org\/projects\/regional-project-conservation-and-sustainable-development-lake-chad<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/multinational-joint-task-force-security-cooperation-lake-chad-basin-25448<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/hausa.leadership.ng\/budaddiyar-wasika-zuwa-ga-yan-boko-haram\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/page\/Boko_Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Boko-Haram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> Jacob Zenn, \u201cBoko Haram's Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory<\/em>\u201d, in \u201cStudies in Conflict & Terrorism<\/em>\u201d, volume 43, Taylor & Francis, London 2020, pages 89-122 \u2013 see also https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2018.1442141<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.gcsp.ch\/global-insights\/boko-harams-evolving-relationship-al-qaeda<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/plusd\/cables\/09ABUJA2014_a.html<\/a> ;   https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/184795\/5cf0ebc94fb36d66309681cda24664f9.pdf<\/a> ;  https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161129233128\/%20<\/a> ; http:\/www.thesundaytimes.co.uk\/sto\/public\/magazine\/article1680538.ece<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2015\/12\/30\/9-year-old-nigerian-writes-on-terrorism\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.geopolitica.info\/tag\/mohammed-yusuf\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.americansecurityproject.org\/dont-forget-about-boko-haram-a-2019-update\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/odihpn.org\/magazine\/the-evolution-and-impact-of-boko-haram-in-the-lake-chad-basin\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/av\/world-africa-35898319<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/271514\/global-terrorism-index\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/feb\/13\/boko-haram-militants-launch-first-attack-inside-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nigrizia.it\/notizia\/nigeria-decine-di-morti-in-un-attacco-a-gamboru<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/14\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-carries-out-first-attack-in-chad.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.adnkronos.com\/fatti\/esteri\/2015\/02\/04\/truppe-del-ciad-uccidono-oltre-miliziani-boko-haram-nigeria_B6YkamZQhwKPIqmsQdculO.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.lastampa.it\/esteri\/2014\/08\/31\/news\/iraq-dopo-due-mesi-rotto-l-assedio-di-amerli-truppe-di-baghdad-nella-citta-dei-turcomanni-1.35628450<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/TA-8-2015-0185_FR.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/05\/world\/africa\/boko-haram-pushed-from-nigerian-town-by-chad-military.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/central-africa\/chad\/246-fighting-boko-haram-chad-beyond-military-measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/219153-dislodged-boko-haram-sambisa-forest-nigerian-army.html<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nationalsecurity.gov.au\/Listedterroristorganisations\/Pages\/islamic-state-west-africa-province.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/issat.dcaf.ch\/Learn\/Resource-Library\/Policy-and-Research-Papers\/Facing-the-Challenge-of-the-Islamic-State-in-West-Africa-Province<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/conflictstudies.gics.live\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/GICS-Survival-And-Expansion-of-the-Islamic-States-West-African-Province-Full.pdf<\/a> pag. 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sunnewsonline.com\/fish-business-in-lake-chad-region-ruined-by-boko-haram\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/africa-eu-partnership.org\/sites\/default\/files\/apf_factsheet_-_mnjtf.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/projects-activities\/multinational-joint-task-force-mnjtf-against-boko-haram_en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/11\/17\/eu-delivers-equipment-to-mnjtf-to-combat-insurgency\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/west-africa\/291-what-role-multinational-joint-task-force-fighting-boko-haram<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/africa-boko-haram\/a-54111131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/factcheck.afp.com\/has-lake-chad-shrunk-nigerias-president-claimed<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/history\/civil-war-in-chad-history-essay.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> Michael I. Draper, \u201cShadows. Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria, 1967\u20131970<\/em>\u201c, Hikoki Publications, London 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/chad\/overview<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/12\/04\/lake-chad-the-worlds-most-complex-humanitarian-disaster<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profiles\/TCD<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/africa\/news\/detail-news\/en\/c\/426466\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/card\/en\/c\/727da49d-2d76-422f-94e9-b062a0f5e945\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2019\/12\/17\/food-security-in-chad-the-successful-involvement-of-refugees-and-host-communities-in-horticulture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/en\/mission\/past\/minurcat\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2015\/04\/29\/imf-world-bank-debt-relief-chad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/09\/13\/niger-world-bank-approves-80-million-to-support-refugees-and-host-communities<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nsagriculture.com\/news\/farmers-in-chad-project\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/Factsheets\/Sheets\/2016\/08\/01\/16\/49\/Catastrophe-Containment-and-Relief-Trust<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2020\/04\/13\/pr20151-imf-executive-board-approves-immediate-debt-relief-for-25-countries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africaeaffari.it\/29963\/fondi-europei-per-sahel-e-lago-ciad<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/radhort\/fr\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/african-roots-and-tubers\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/action-against-desertification\/countries\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/aicca\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/earthleagueinternational.org\/2013\/03\/20\/elephants-massacre-in-chad\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> Samuel Decalo, \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Chad<\/em>\u201d, The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (Middlesex, UK), 1987, pages 49-54<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> Mario Joaquin Azevedo, \u201cThe roots of violence: A history of War in Chad<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2005, pages 9-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20051016093653\/http:\/\/www.politique-africaine.com\/numeros\/pdf\/016030.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> Kevin Shillington, \u201cEncyclopedia of African history<\/em>\u201d, Routledge, London 2013, pages 227-229<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/steve-coll-on-exxonmobils-sinister-kingdom-and-private-empire<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2016\/06\/28\/enabling-dictator\/united-states-and-chads-hissene-habre-1982-1990<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-36411466<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-18927845<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques du Chad, \u201c<\/strong>Deuxi\u00e8me recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH2, 2009). Analyse th\u00e9matique des r\u00e9sultats d\u00e9finitifs. \u00c9tat et structures de la population<\/em>\u201d, R\u00e9publique du Tchad, Minist\u00e8re du plan et de la coop\u00e9ration internationale, Institut national de la statistique, des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques, N\u2019Djamena 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> John Donnelly Fage, Oliver Roland, \u201cThe Cambridge History of Africa<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pages 262-290, pages 306-308<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/03\/05\/harvard-for-tyrants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/report\/58438\/chad-coup-attempt-foiled-government-says<\/a> ; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200609210706.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/wbna23031600<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/itc\/sipa\/martin\/chad-cam\/overview.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> 2014.08.04 Transparency International on Chad, pages 7-8; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/pipe.htm<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060903020140\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/859EF8EC-2F2F-42B7-B06C-2C4FF20C2E42.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/worldwide\/33929.html<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Lake Chad, a journey between anvil and hammer","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"lake-chad-a-journey-between-anvil-and-hammer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4806","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4783,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:18:03","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 18 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.jordantimes.com\/news\/local\/ramadan-sales-lowest-10-years-%E2%80%94-acc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AMMAN \u2014 President of the Amman Chamber of Commerce (ACC) Khalil Haj Tawfiq, who  is also the Head of the General Association for Foodstuffs Merchants of Jordan (GAFJO), on Saturday said that the current Ramadan sales are at their lowest in 10 years, after witnessing a 50 per cent drop due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a statement carried by the Jordan News Agency, Petra, Haj Tawfiq said that the commercial sector has been \u201cstaggered\u201d by low sales since the first days of Ramadan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He attributed this to the partial curfew hours that exhausted merchants, and the decline in purchasing food and basic products despite existing price reductions and offers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He added that the prices of food, supplies and basic materials are stable, except for the high prices of local poultry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He pointed out that the offers on products were the largest this Ramadan, as a result of the increase in the number of shops, and their use of social media for promotion and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stressing merchants\u2019 concern over the continuation of the partial curfew, he called for allowing home delivery after Iftar from food stores, bakeries and water stations.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Ramadan sales lowest in 10 years \u2014 ACC","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ramadan-sales-lowest-in-10-years-acc","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4783","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4771,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-18 21:09:31","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 10 March 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/10\/hrw-questions-official-death-toll-in-equatorial-guinea-explosion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rights groups have called for a transparent and independent investigation into a series of massive explosions in Equatorial Guinea\u2019s main city of Bata that flattened a military camp and nearby residential areas, killing scores of people and causing widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled the oil-rich country with an iron fist for 42 years, blamed the military for \u201cnegligence\u201d in stocking ammunition so close to populated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Wednesday, state television reported 105 people were killed and 615 were wounded by the conflagration at the camp of Nkoa Ntoma on Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Human Rights Watch (HRW), citing Equatorial Guinea-focused human rights group EG Justice, said that \u201cbased on the number of bodies pulled from the rubble, the actual number of victims is much higher\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It also\u00a0urged<\/a>\u00a0donors and aid groups to send support directly to victims and their families rather than through the government, \u201cgiven high levels of corruption in Equatorial Guinea\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe buck stops with [President Obiang]. We demand full, transparent and independent investigation into the cause and real impact of the catastrophic blasts in Bata,\u201d Tutu Alicante, the United States-based director of EG Justice, wrote on Twitter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The four cataclysmic explosions levelled the camp, which houses special forces, gendarmes and their families, as well as nearby residential areas on Sunday afternoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the evening, Obiang announced a probe into the disaster, stating that the blasts were set off by a local farmer practising slash-and-burn agriculture near stores of explosives and  munitions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The defence ministry said the explosions were caused by heavy-calibre munitions and emitted \u201cshock waves which totally destroyed numerous homes nearby\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obiang accused camp officials of negligence, charges he repeated on Tuesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW called for international experts to conduct an investigation and said \u201cunverified accounts \u2026 allege that the fire was started by soldiers ordered to burn brush and that it then spread to the armoury, or that it was started during training on the use of explosives gone awry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Satellite images from Planet Labs Inc, analysed by The Associated Press news agency, show only charred signs of fire at the site that remained centred on three rectangular buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There was no sign of farming around the base and the only land-clearing work seen came from a construction project near those buildings, according to the satellite images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The images show the military base at Bata had been undergoing construction at its southeast corner before the explosion. Old, earth-covered munitions storage facilities appear to have been removed and replaced by new structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A November 16 photo of the base shows three rectangular buildings sitting close to each other, AP reported. A satellite image of the site on Tuesday shows that those structures have disappeared, with only charred debris left scattered around them. That suggests a fire occurred at the site, possibly before the blast. A raging fire will ignite explosives if not contained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three days of mourning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the government has declared three days of mourning beginning on Wednesday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The only Spanish-speaking country in sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea is one of the continent\u2019s most insular nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the difficulty in understanding the full scale of the tragedy, air and sea links have been shut off for weeks because of coronavirus restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Only military and government aircraft have travelled to the site on the mainland from the island capital, Malabo, since the explosions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cRegardless of what caused the blast, Equatorial Guineans deserve to know why the military is storing explosives in the middle of a populated area,\u201d HRW researcher Sarah Saadoun said in Wednesday\u2019s statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The government has made numerous appeals for international aid since the disaster, with Obiang pointing to a severe economic crisis fuelled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in the price of oil, the country\u2019s main source of revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But HRW warned: \u201cCorruption has long stymied the oil-rich country from developing public services and providing social protection commensurate with its resources, and continued opaque governance puts any aid directly disbursed to the government at high risk of being looted.\u201d<\/p>\n","post_title":"Rights groups urge independent probe into cause of Bata blasts","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"rights-groups-urge-independent-probe-into-cause-of-bata-blasts","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4771","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4759,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-13 22:45:48","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is something to be excited about when it comes to the Israeli miracle. A miracle born from the horrors of the Holocaust and built as a defensive Blitzkrieg by those Jews no one wanted in Palestine; a flowering miracle thanks to the extraordinary ability to make dry and very hard soil fertile. However, this does not blind me to the injustices committed by the governments of Jerusalem. The attack on Iranian atomic bases, as happened on Sunday, is another inexcusable mistake that could have serious consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The situation is really delicate. Israel is rightly afraid of the possibility that Iran has its own atomic bomb, and to prevent this, it has fought for decades, both diplomatically and militarily \u2013 with positive results: to date the government of Tehran is not ready for a possible (mad) nuclear conflict. In 2015, an agreement called JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) was signed between Iran and the United Nations Security Council: an agreement drawn up by Germany that would have undermined Iran\u2019s ability to acquire nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The agreement provides for reducing the storage of enriched uranium in Iran from 10,000 to 300 kg (-97%); the ten-year suspension of two-thirds of Iran\u2019s atomic centrifuges; the concentration of scientific studies on nuclear energy at the Natanz power plant and the establishment of a control staff (150 American and European scientists), which focuses on two results: the justified capacity of Iran to demand electricity from nuclear power plants and to make Tehran\u2019s accession to the Global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (VAN) appetizing. In return, the United States and the United Nations lift economic sanctions against Iran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We will never know if Iran would have been consistent with what its leaders have signed. As soon as Donald Trump arrived at the White House, the United States unilaterally withdrew from the agreement \u2013 despite the fact that President Rouhani\u2019s moderate administration succeeded in having the agreement ratified at home and, despite the US decision, Iran stuck to the deal \u2013 the sanctions were not lifted. The effect is that the Iranian economy is on its knees, the people are disappointed and angry (rightly against us) and in the next elections on June 18, 2021, the ultra-conservatives, who are also warmongers, they will win. We will therefore probably come back to the situation before October 2015 and the signing of the JCPOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the five years since the signing of this treaty, the Netanyahu government has done everything to make it impossible. He used the Jewish lobby in the United States to convince Trump to unilaterally withdraw from the treaty (Obama refused); and used its own diplomatic clout to force the European Union to do the same. Fortunately in vain. In the hysteria typical of autocratic regimes, such as that which prevails in Israel and Turkey today, the government pushes for war to prevent its own people from being angry with the miserable economic conditions caused by ineffective and incompetent politics in their own country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian military base in Syria after Israeli Air Force attack<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In November, the Mossad assassinated Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the head of the Iranian nuclear project. Tehran has not budged. There were at least five attacks on Iranian merchant ships between March and April 2020. Tehran has not budged. Israeli fighter-bombers hit Syrian missile bases where Iranian advisers were supporting Lebanese Hezbollah. Tehran has not budged. Netanyahu therefore decided to increase the scale of the clash and attacked the Natanz factory on Sunday. It is not known whether this was special forces or a sophisticated telematics system[1]<\/a>. As a result, Natanz\u2019s entire electrical system was destroyed and the system had to be out of service for months, maybe a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At this point, Netanyahu is hoping that Rouhani will unilaterally leave the JCPOA only to allow him to shout \u201cWolf!\u201d at the international diplomatic forum. Because if the temperature rises, Netanyahu knows that Israel already has nuclear missiles. I remember with great anger the occasion when I was invited to an international conference at Marc Rich University in Herzliya. It was a good conference, a lot of interesting people, a very nice infrastructure. But Netanyahu came to speak, and he did it in Hebrew, so none of the foreigners (like me) understood a single word. Until the end, when he switched to English and said, \u201cThe question is not whether Tehran should be bombed with nuclear missiles. The question is to know when<\/em>\u201d. I got up with several other guests and left the conference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I know the trick well: if I consider Netanyahu a dangerous fascist, I will be accused of anti-Semitism. An unbearable accusation, also because I consider Netanyahu to be an enemy of Israel, one of those conservatives and opportunists (the ones we call in Italy with a funny and inappropriate word \u2013 the sovereignists) who do not know how to democratically solve the problems of the nation entrusted to them. They shun their own responsibility, prefer to mythologize their external opponents and try to tie the emotions, anger, fear and disappointment of the voters to this so-called threat. However, Iran is not a perceived threat, but a real enemy. If we could force it to sign pacts that bind it, we must not humiliate it, but show, us Western Europeans first, that we stand by the pacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Iranian tanker attacked by Israeli fighter-bombers in the Persian Gulf<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, Italy has not had a foreign minister worthy of the name for four years, and therefore no more foreign policy. If we were to do what we must, we will have to put all the pressure we can on Jerusalem. Netanyahu must be stopped immediately and be called out for what he is: an enemy of peace and of his own people. The terrible injustice our country did to the Jewish community during the years of fascism in no way justifies our accepting now that the government of Israel (which is not an onomatopoeia for all women and men professing Jewish religion) is dragging the entire planet to the brink of nuclear war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Netanyahu is wrong: there is no salvation for Israel in the event of a military attack on Iran. There is no way, sooner or later, to prevent Iran from possessing nuclear weapons \u2013 because its government does not care about the welfare of its citizens and will go its own way regardless of sanctions. The only way forward is through diplomacy and peace as a real and effective option. And note: I am not here to call for economic sanctions against Israel, even if the violations of international treaties, in particular against the Palestinian people and more generally with regard to the sale of weapons and military technology by Jerusalem to the over the past twenty years, have certainly been a sufficient condition for taking such a step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no peace except in a free and peaceful world. Without sanctions. Iran had done its part. We threw the stone for the umpteenth time and hid our hand. As if it could do something right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-56722181<\/a> ; https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/israele-attacca-la-centrale-iraniana-catastrofe-nucleare-sfiorata\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Netanyahu as Erdo\u011fan: Populists Struggle for a Global Conflict","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"netanyahu-as-erdogan-populists-struggle-for-a-global-conflict","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4759","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":4741,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_date_gmt":"2021-04-11 22:09:27","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 02 April 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/eeradicalization.com\/can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On 20 March 2021, the Acting General Guide of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Ibrahim Munir, appeared on the Doha-based Al-Jazeera<\/em> television station to speak about the rapprochement-in-the-making between Cairo and Ankara, which has raised eyebrows, and a storm of speculation, across the region. He seemed confident and very well-informed, telling his followers that no deal had been reached at their expense between Turkish and Egyptian governments. Turkey, he added affirmatively, would never expel members of the Egyptian Brotherhood from its territory. On that, Munir was right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Egyptian Islamist leader was echoing a line that had been peddled by Turkish authorities behind closed doors to its Egyptian MB guests. He added that he continued to trust Turkey, calling on his followers to do the same.[1]<\/strong> The fact that he was actually given airtime on Al-Jazeera<\/em>, a long-time supporter of the MB, is in itself testimony that little has changed in Turkish-Qatari backing for the outlawed Islamist group. But he felt obliged to come out and speak in light of an avalanche of media reports about an upcoming Turkish abandonment of the MB, which sent shivers down the spine of many members of the Egyptian MB. One said that Turkey had muzzled thirty members of the MB, ordering them to stop speaking to the press. Another added that Egyptian Islamists in Turkey were being placed under house arrest in anticipation of their deportation, while a third claimed that investigations were underway into the bank accounts of Egyptian MB members based in Turkey.[2]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fact or Fantasy?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many of these reports about Turkey turning on the MB were more fantasy than fact, however, either the doing of an imaginative journalists or anti-Brotherhood hopefuls\u2014both categories well-represented in the Arab World. All of these reports were seemingly based on recent instructions from Turkish authorities to three Egyptian opposition channels broadcasting from Turkey, ordering them to tone down their criticism of Egyptian ruler Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. The three channels\u2014El-Sharq<\/em>, Watan TV<\/em>, and Mekameleen<\/em>\u2014are all affiliated with the MB and they were threatened with penalties if they defied the order.[3]<\/strong> Immediately El-Sharq<\/em> came out with a statement, apologizing to viewers for not airing an evening episode of a program called, \u201cThe Streets of Egypt,\u201d which was usually dedicated to bashing the Sisi government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putting things into perspective was Yasin Aktay, an adviser to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who appeared on Al-Jazeera TV<\/em> to deny that his boss had any intention of closing the three television channels or extraditing members of the Egyptian MB. Aktay described the backlash as \u201cbarking,\u201d adding: \u201cIt is impossible for Turkey to extradite any person, neither to Egypt nor to any country that observes capital punishment\u201d.[4]<\/strong> Prominent Egyptian opposition member Ayman Nour, who manages El-Sharq TV<\/em>, added that Turkish authorities had asked them politely to amend their editorial policy towards Egypt, also denying an order to shut down his channel.[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not that these statements did much good; the media speculation about a divorce between Erdogan and the MB continued to mushroom. One report said that a senior delegation had been created to revisit the residency permits of Egyptian Brotherhood members residing in Ankara and Istanbul since 2013. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), which admittedly has a very spotty record when it comes to accuracy, added to the wave of speculation, saying that Turkish-backed fighters in Libya have been ordered to pack up and leave in a gesture of goodwill towards the Egyptians. The report added that 9,000 of them have already left the Libya battlefield and were flown out by Turkish intelligence.[6]<\/strong> At least one of those military groups, Faylaq al-Sham, is openly affiliated with the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdogan Will Not Abandon the Brotherhood<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expecting Erdogan to sell out the MB is akin to asking Iran to abandon Hezbollah or Russian ruler Vladimir Putin to withdraw his troops from Syria. It is wishful thinking that simply will not happen. The Turkish leader has built his entire foreign policy towards the Arab World on supporting non-state players like the MB, using them as pressure cards to destabilize governments and advance his own political ambitions. Without the MB he would lose his leverage in Egyptian, Palestinian, and Syrian affairs, eroding his recent victories in Libya, where he managed to thwart the military offensive of Khalifa Haftar last year, through MB-affiliated mercenaries. He needs Hamas to maintain a threshold in the upcoming Palestinian elections, and their Syrian comrades to keep the territory that he grabbed in Syria during the years 2016-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abandoning these proxies would be akin to Erdogan shooting himself in the foot, depriving himself of a reliable tool of state policy that he has used, time and again, to influence events in the Arab World. And we need to ask what Erdogan will get in return for such a suicidal policy? Turkish-Egyptian economic relations are on the rise, but they were never suspended despite the political tensions. According to official figures, Egyptian exports to Turkey rose to $2 billion in 2018, slightly up from $1.9 billion in 2017, while Turkish imports stood at an impressive $2.3 billion.[8]<\/strong> With or without a U-turn on the MB, those economic relations are likely to continue. That, of course, is in addition to the fact that he is ideologically committed to the MB, where he started his career as a young politician. It must be remembered that not even the multi-state boycott of Qatar, succeeded in getting its young emir, Tamim Bin Hamad, to abandon Hamas and the MB or amend the pro-Islamist editorial policies of Al-Jazeera TV\u2014and Qatar is much more vulnerable to pressure than Turkey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Still, it does seem there is an Egyptian-Turkish rapprochement underway, motived by mutual interests and shifting regional dynamics related to the Biden Administration. Turkish-American relations are at all-time low after a recent decision by the White House to recognize the Armenian genocide that took place during the First World War.[9]<\/strong> Turkey is also already facing the threat of sanctions from both the European Union and the United States for, respectively, drilling in waters claimed by Cyprus and purchasing S-400 anti-aircraft missiles from Russia. Erdogan feels increasingly vulnerable and isolated, searching for regional and international allies. Many of those on whom he had relied for years are gone, including Egypt\u2019s Mohammad Morsi, Omar al-Bashir of Sudan, and more recently, Fayez al-Sarraj of Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Path Ahead<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Official admission from Ankara came on 12 March when Erdogan\u2019s Foreign Minister Mevl\u00fct \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu announced that talks have resumed with Egypt, at both an intelligence and political level, a significant breakthrough, no doubt, after years of tension and animosity resulting from the 2013 ouster of President Morsi, who was backed fully by Erdogan.[10]<\/strong> On 14 March, Egypt\u2019s Foreign Minister Sameh Shukri confirmed that talks had indeed resumed, saying that Turkey\u2019s statements of good will needed to be followed with concrete action for the normalization to move forward, explaining why Turkey floated the trial balloon of clipping the wings of the three MB-affiliated channels\u2014as a confidence building measure with Cairo. But for those talks to move forward and bear fruit, Erdogan will have to do better than that, taking serious action against the MB, which\u2014pending some radical, unforeseeable event\u2014he will not do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe disengagement of President Erdogan from the Muslim Brotherhood is nothing but a balloon full of hot air,\u201d said Abdullah Bozkurt, a Turkish journalist affiliated with the Turkish opposition Gulen movement. Speaking to EER, Bozkurt went on: \u201cHe may offer sacrifices [and] concessions, but his overall strategy won\u2019t change,\u201d concluding: \u201cThis recent posturing is not a strategic shift for him and his MB-minded political Islamists in Turkey. He will revert to his old policies openly as soon as the circumstances allow. In the meantime, he will continue lending his government\u2019s support to the MB discreetly.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Eye on Radicalization aims to publish a diversity of perspectives and as such does not endorse the opinions expressed by contributors. The views expressed in this article represent the author alone.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

__________________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] \u201cCairo sees little place for Brotherhood in rapprochement with Ankara\u201d Arab Weekly<\/em> (March 22, 2021): https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/cairo-sees-little-place-brotherhood-rapprochement-ankara<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] Abdul-Razeq, Said. \u201cTurkiya tuqayid harakat al-Ikhwan\u201d Alsharq Alawsat<\/em> (March 20, 2021): shorturl.at\/gDRTZ<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] \u201cTurkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop airing anti-Egypt rhetoric\u201d Al-Arabiya English<\/em> (March 18, 2021): https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/News\/middle-east\/2021\/03\/19\/Turkey-orders-Muslim-Brotherhood-TV-channels-to-stop-airing-anti-Egypt-rhetoric<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] \u201cMustashar Erdogan: Lam natlob iglak qanawat muarida li Masr, wa tasleem muarideen lam yutrah\u201d CNN Arabic<\/em> (March 19, 2021): https:\/\/arabic.cnn.com\/middle-east\/article\/2021\/03\/19\/turkey-yasin-aktay-tv-stations-egypt<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] \u201cBad Awdet Erdogan ila al-Hudn al-Arabi, tarakub li awdat al-murtazaka al-Souriyeen min Libya ila Souria bi awamer Turkiya\u201d Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (March 19, 2021): shorturl.at\/oHUZ6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] Lefevre, Raphael & El Yassir, Ali. \u201cSham Legion: Syria\u2019s Moderate Islamists,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<\/em> (April 15, 2014): https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/diwan\/55344<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] Cengiz, Sinem. \u201cCan Egypt and Turkey break the ice after years of chilly relations?\u201d Arab News (March 5, 2021): https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/1820551<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] Ghazanchyan, Siranush. \u201cBiden Administration will officially acknowledge Armenian genocide,\u201d Public Radio of Armenia (March 23, 2021): https:\/\/en.armradio.am\/2021\/03\/23\/biden-administration-will-officially-acknowledge-armenian-genocide-political-analyst-ian-bremmer-says\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] Burc Eruygur. \u201cThe Turkish-Egyptian Rapprochement: Prospects for the Future\u201d The Center for Middle East Studies<\/em>, (March 20, 2021): https:\/\/www.orsam.org.tr\/en\/the-turkish-egyptian-rapprochement-prospects-for-the-future\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Can Turkey Break With the Muslim Brotherhood?","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"can-turkey-break-with-the-muslim-brotherhood","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:36:34","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=4741","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":70},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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